Primary and Secondary Data Essay

1. archetype AND lowly selective instructionWe explore the pop offiness and utilize up of info ( primitive and petty(a)) in the knit stitch of business explore.Specific in totallyy, we examine an international prototype of doctoral dissertations since 1998, categorizingenquiry publications, entropy exhibition, and availability of tuition. Findings fire that purpose of enti affirm when primordial entropy pervades the discipline, despite beefed-up methodo crystalline designers to augment with collateral info. entry port breeding evict be be as the quantitative or qualitative determines of a variable. entropy is plural of datum which literally content to let issue or roughthing wedded. knowledge is thought to be the lowest unit of knowledge from which distinct measurements and analysis batch be d peerless. entropy corporation be numbers, images, row, figures, facts or ideas. info in itself drop non be understood and to aspire in traffic patternation from the entropy unmatched essential interpret it into meaningful education. there be various methods of interpreting info. data stocks be broadly classified into chief(a) and thirdhand entropy.Knowing how the information was hoard abandons critics of a take in to search for stroke in how it wasconducted. A good study go forth delicious much(prenominal) scrutiny. Each type has its feature weaknesses andstrengths. radical feather Data is gather by hatful who faeces emphasis precedely on the purpose in mind.This facilitates plug that questions argon meaningful to the purpose merely bed introduce bias in those alike questions. utility(prenominal) data doesnt nonplus the prefer of this focus nonwithstanding is only susceptibleto bias introduced in the choice of what data to reuse. give tongue to an other(a) way, those who gather firstborn-string Data nab to bring away the questions. Those who gather lowly coil data get to pick thequestions.IMPORTANCE OF entropy AND data appealData is atomic number 53 of the around important and vital aspect of all look studies. lookers conducted in different field of study jakes be different in methodology provided all(prenominal) inquiry is found on data which is snapd and interpreted to get information. Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information similar census, macrocosm variables, health statistics, and road accidents records ar all developed from data .Data is important in computer science. Numbers, images and figures in computer argon all data . information COLLECTION TECHNIQUESThere be two starts of data allurement techniques. primary and Secondary data charm techniques, Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations .Secondary data collection whitethorn be conducted by compile information from a diverse commencement of documents or electronically stored information, census and food market studies argon examples of a common fountains of uph elder-string data. This is withal referred to as data mining. simple DATAPrimary data nitty-gritty original data that has been still especially for the purpose in mind. It means soulfulness collect the data from the original fountain first hand. Data collected this way is called chief(a) data .Primary data has non been create yet and is oft real, live and objective .Primary data has non been changed or altered by humans beings thence its validity is greater than vicarious data.The peck who gather primary data whitethorn be an authorized government, investigator, enumerator or they whitethorn be just somebody with a clipboard. These people atomic number 18 performing as a witness so primary data is only considered as received as the people who gathered it.IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY DATA immenseness of Primary data cannot be neglected. A explore can be conducted without subaltern data but a query based on only inessential data is least reliable and whitethorn obligebiases because alternate data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statisticalsurveys it is necessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data forexample, the statistical records of female cosmos in a country cannot be based onnewspaper, magazine and other printed sources. star such sourceis old and secondly theycontain hold in information as hale as they can be mis demanding and biased. harshnessValidity is one of the major concerns in a inquiry. Validity is the quality of a research thatmakes it trust outlayy and scientific. Validity is the use of scientific methods in research tomake it licit and acceptable.Using primary data in research can improves the validity of research. First-hand informationobtained from a smack that is representative of the target population will yield data that willbe valid for the integral target population.AuthenticityAuthenticity is the genuineness of the research. Authenticity can be at stake if the tecinvests private biases or uses misleading information inthe research. Primary research stopcocks data can depart more authorized if the methods chosen to analyze and interpret data atomic number 18valid and reasonably commensurate for the data type.Primary sources are more unquestionable because the facts bring on not been overthrough. Primary sourcecan be less authentic if the source hides information or alters facts due to some mortalalreasons. There are methods that can be diligent to ensure factual yielding of data from thesource.ReliabilityReliability is the certainty that the research is enough true to be rely on. For example, if aresearch study concludes that junk food consumption does not increase the risk of malignant neoplastic disease andheart diseases. This conclusion should have to be drawn from a sample whose surface, samplingtechnique and variability is not questionable.Reliability im proves with apply primary data. In the akin research mentioned above if theresearcher uses experimental method and questionnaires the results will be highly reliable.On the other hand, if he relies on the data operational in books and on internet he will collectinformation that does not represent the authoritative facts.SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATASources for primary data are limited and at measure it obtains heavy to obtain data fromprimary source because of any(prenominal)(prenominal) scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Regardless of whatsoever difficulty one can face in aggregation primary data it is the close authentic and reliabledata source. Following are some of the sources of primary data.ExperimentsExperiments require an artificial or innate(p) setting in which to perform logical study to collectdata. Experiments are more capable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and forother scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep c ontrol over theinfluence of any extraneous variable on the results.SurveySurvey is near normally used method in social sciences, management, marketing andpsychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different methods. indecisionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list ofquestions either an open-ended or close -ended for which the answerer give answers.Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, cash in ones chips in a public area, or in an institute,through electronic mail or through fax and other methods. wonder is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. It is slow, expensive, and theytake people away from their regular jobs, but they allow in-depth questioning and follow-upquestions.The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks but he can observethe body language or non-verbal conversation such as face-pulling, fidgeting, shrugging,hand gestures, sarcastic expressions that attach furthe r meaning to spoken words and otherreactions to the questions too.A line of work with interviews is that people aptitude say what they think the interviewer wants tohear they powerfulness neutralise being honestly critical in case their jobs or reputation might suffer.And the respondent deliberately hides information other than it is an in depth source ofinformation. So this enables the interviewer to draw conclusions easily. Observations can be make while allow the observing person roll in the hay that he is being observedor without letting him know. Observations can a ilk be do in natural settings as well as inartificially created environment.Primary data can be relied on because you know where it came from and what was through to it.Its handle cooking something yourself. You know what went into it.ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY interrogationTargeted Issues are addressedThe organization asking for the research has the complete control on the impact and theresearch is streamline s as farthest as its objectives and scope is concerned. Researching companycan be asked to concentrate their efforts to find data regarding specific market rather thanconcentration on mass market.Data interlingual rendition is betterThe collected data can be examined and interpreted by the marketers depending on their needfully rather than relying on the interpretation made by collectors of secondary data. effectual Spending for InformationUnlike secondary research where the marketer whitethorn strike d knowledge for information that is not ask,primary data collections focus on issues specific to theresearcher improves the chances thatresearch currency will be spent efficiently.Decency of DataUsually secondary data is not so recent and it may not be specific to the place or situationmarketer is targeting. The researcher can use the foreign seeming information for knowingtrends or may be able to find some relation with the current scenario. Thus primary databecomes a more spotless tool since we can use data which is efficacious for us.Proprietary IssuesInformation collected by using primary research is their own and is generally not shared withothers. Thus, information can be kept unfathomable from competitors and potentially offer aninformation avail to the company that undertook the primary research. This gives anedge over competitors replying on secondary data.Addresses Specific Research IssuesCarrying out their own research allows the marketing organization to address issues specificto their own situation. Primary research is institutioned to collect the information the marketerwants to know (Step 2) and report it in ways that do good the marketer. For example, whileinformation reported with secondary research may not fit the marketers needs (e.g., differentage conclaveings) no such problem exists with primary research since the marketer controls theresearch design.Greater Control non only does primary research enable the marketer to focus on specific issues, it in addition enablesthe marketer to have a high level of control over how the information is collected. In thisway the marketer can root on such issues as size of mould (e.g., how umpteen responses),location of research (e.g., geographic area) and quantify frame for completing the project.DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY RESEARCHHigh CostCompared to secondary research, primary data may be real expensive since there is a greatdeal of marketer involvement and the expense in preparing and playing out research can behigh and has to design everything.Time ConsumingTo be done correctly primary data collection requires the development and execution of aresearch plan. Going from the start-point of deciding to undertake a research project to theend-point to having results is oftentimes much longer than the time it takes to acquire secondarydata, which can be collected in much lesser time duration.In faithful Feed-backsIn case the research involves winning feedbacks f rom the targeted audience, there are highchances that feedback given is not correct. Feedbacks by their basic nature are usually biasedor given just for the saki of it.More number of resources is required leave aside cost and time, other resources like human resources and materials too are needed in larger quantity to do surveys and data collection. alternative DATASecondary data is the data that has been already collected by and readily accessible from othersources. When we use Statistical Method with Primary Data from another purpose for ourpurpose we refer to it as Secondary Data. It means that one purposes Primary Data is anotherpurposes Secondary Data. So that secondary data is data that is being reused. such data are chinchyer and more quickly obtainable than the primary data.These secondary data may be obtained from many an(prenominal) sources, including literature, industrysurveys, compilations from computerized databases and information systems, andcomputerized or mathe matical models of environmental processes.IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY DATASecondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult toobtain primary data in these cases acquiring information from secondary sources is easier and viable. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to halt theresearch on secondary data.Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not will to reveal it in such casetoo secondary data can practise for example, if the research is on the psychology oftranssexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may not be willing togive information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books or otherpublished sources.SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATASecondary data is often readily operable. After the expense of electronic media and internetthe availability of secondary data has become much easier.Published Printed SourcesThere are varieties of published printed sour ces. Their credibleness depends on many factors.For example, on the writer, publication company and time and date when published. Newsources are preferred and old sources should be avoided as new technology and researchesbring new facts into light.BooksBooks are unattached at present on any topic that you want to research. The uses of books startbefore even you have selected the topic. After selection of topics books provide appreciation onhow much work has already been done on the same topic and you can prepare your literaturereview. Books are secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources.Journals/periodicalsJournals and periodicals are adequate more important as far as data collection is concerned.The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times books cannot andsecondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on which you areresearching rather talking approximately more general topics.Magazines/NewspapersMagazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand is morereliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained from newspapers as in thecase of some political studies.Published electronic SourcesAs internet is becoming more advance, fast and reachable to the masses it has been seen thatmuch information that is not useable in printed form is available on internet. In the old thecredibility of internet was questionable but today it is not. The reason is that in the pastjournals and books were seldom published on internet but today almost every journal andbook is available online. Some are plain and for others you have to pay the price.E-journalse-journals are more commonly available than printed journals.Latest journals are difficult to obtain without subscription but if your university has an e-library you can view any journal, print it and those that are not available you can make anorder for them.General Websites Generally websites do not contain very reliable information so theircontent should be check over for the reliability before quoting from them.Weblogs Weblogs are also becoming common. They are actually diaries write by differentpeople. These diaries are as reliable to use as personal written diaries.Unpublished Personal RecordsSome unpublished data may also be useful in some cases.Diaries Diaries are personal records and are rarely available but if you are conducting adescriptive research then they might be very useful. The Anne Franks journal is the mostfamous example of this. That diary contained the most accurate records of Nazi wars. Letters Letters like diaries are also a abstruse source but should be check over for their reliabilitybefore using them.Government RecordsGovernment records are very important for marketing, management, humanities and socialscience research. count Data/population statistics Health records educational institutes records Public Sector RecordsNGOs survey data Other private companies recordsADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATAEase of AccessThere are many advantages to using secondary research. This includes the relative ease ofaccess to many sources of secondary data. In the past secondary data accumulation requiredmarketers to visit libraries, or wait for reports to be shipped by mail. directly with theavailability of online access, secondary research is more openly accessed. This offersconvenience and generally standardized usage methods for all sources of secondary research.Low Cost to AcquireThe use of secondary data has allowed researchers access to valuable information for petty(a) orno cost to acquire. Therefore, this information is much less expensive than if the researchershad to carry out the research themselves.Clarification of Research QuestionThe use of secondary research may help the researcher to wrap up the research question.Secondary research is often used preliminary to primary research to help clarify the research focus.May Answer Research Questi onThe use of secondary data collection is often used to help align the focus of large scaleprimary research. When steering on secondary research, the researcher may realize that theexact information they were looking to unveil is already available through secondarysources. This would in effect eliminate the need and expense to carry out their ownprimary research.May Show Difficulties in Conducting Primary ResearchIn many cases, the originators of secondary research include expatiate of how the informationwas collected. This may include information detailing the procedures used in data collectionand difficulties encountered in conducting the primary research. Therefore, the detaileddifficulties may persuade the researcher to decide that the potential information obtained isnot worth the potential difficulties in conducting the research.DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATAQuality of ResearchThere are some disadvantages to using secondary research. The originators of the primaryresearch are largely self-governed and controlled by the marketer. Therefore, the secondaryresearch used must be scrutinized closely since the origins of the information may bequestionable. Moreover, the researcher needs to take commensurate locomote to critically evaluate thevalidity and reliability of the information provided.Not Specific to Researchers NeedsIn many cases, secondary data is not presented in a form that only meets the researchersneeds. Therefore, the researcher needs to rely on secondary data that is presented andclassified in a way that is similar to their needs.Incomplete InformationIn many cases, researchers find information that appears valuable and promising. Theresearcher may not get the full reading of the research to gain the full value of the study. This is because many research suppliers offer free portions of their research and then chargeexpensive fees for their full reports.Not TimelyWhen using secondary research, one must exercise caution when using date d informationfrom the past. With companies competing in fast changing industries, an out-of-date researchreports many have little or no relevance to the current market situation.EVALUATION OF SECONDARY DATABecause of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the following four requirements must be satisfied- 1. Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or not. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data. 2. Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this we have two criterion- a. Units of measurement should be the same. b. Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated. 3. Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points must be considered a. Specification and methodology used b. gross profit of error should be examined c. The dependability of the source must be seen. 4. Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.Robert W Joselyn has classified the above discussion into eight steps. These eight steps aresub classified into three categories. He has given a detailed procedure for evaluatingsecondary data. 1. pertinence of research objective. 2. Cost of acquisition. 3. Accuracy of data. demonstrationPrimary research entails the use of contiguous data in determining the excerpt of the market.The popular ways to collect primary data consist of surveys, interviews and focus groups,which shows that direct relationship between potential customers and the companies.Whereas secondary research is a means to employ and reuse collected information as anindication for betterments of the service or product.Both primary and secondary data are useful for businesses but both may differ from eachother in various aspects.In secondary data, information relates to a past period. Hence, it lacksaptness and therefore, it has unsatisfactory value. Primary data is more accommodati ng as itshows latest information.Secondary data is obtained from some other organization than the one instantaneouslyinterested with current research project. Secondary data was collected and canvass by theorganization to convene the requirements of various research objectives. Primary data isaccumulated by the researcher particularly to meet up the research objective of the subsistingproject.Secondary data though old may be the only possible source of the desired data on thesubjects, which cannot have primary data at all.For example, survey reports or secret recordsalready collected by a business group can offer information that cannot be obtained fromoriginal sources.Firm in which secondary data are accumulated and delivered may not tally the exactneeds and particular requirements of the current research study. more a time, alteration ormodifications to the exact needs of the investigator may not be sufficient. To that amountusefulness of secondary data will be lost. Primary da ta is completely custom-built and there isno problem of adjustments.Secondary data is available effortlessly, rapidly and inexpensively. Primary data takes a lot oftime and the unit cost of such data is relatively high.Often secondary data have been pre-processed to give totals or averages and the original details are lost so you cant verify it byreplicating the methods used by the original data collectors.In short, primary data are expensive and difficult to acquire, but they are trustworthy.Secondary data are cheap and easy to collect, but must be treated with caution.REFERENCES1. http//www.ianswer4u.com/2012/02/primary-research-advantages- and.htmlixzz2B6ioqOwT 2. http//www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/datacoll.htm 3. Bryman, A. and E. cost 2003, Business Research Methods (Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York). 4. Dillman, take in A. send and Telephone Surveys The Total send off Method. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978. 5. Galpin, T. The Use of Mail Questionn aires as a Method of Data Collection. (Sept, 1987) 14 of 15