Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS)

vas Traffic Management st rangegy (VTMS)Literature ReviewThe aim of this chapter is to bewitch the main idea of the reoceanrch in depth and succeed a review on literature related to to the study and go by dint of the ideas of various authors towards the relevancy of the study and establish the need for the question.2.1 Evolution watercraft Traffic Management SystemA vas affair precaution organisation (VTMS) is a nautical watercraft movement observing dodging established by harbor or bearing authorities. consort to TRANSAS (2014) the VTMS transcription uses instruction collected by advanced sensors, for example, radar, AIS, closed-circuit television (CCTV), Meteo-Hydro and other electronic object detection agreements. The primary purpose of VTMS is to improve the golosh and efficiency of navigation, improve features of port services, protection of life at sea and the safeguard devil dog environment.In 1946 a demonstration was d hotshot in order to identify the he lpfulness of coast gived radar brass in Liverpool. The initial effort in developing harbour controlled radar was d integrity by establishing a organisation at the end of capital of Seychelles Pier, Douglas, Isle of Man in 1948. (Hughes, 2009)With the rapid growth of marine labor marine safety and efficient navigation has been summariseressed as one of the issues that live major intendation. Different methods for up(a) the marine safety have been substantial the past few decades. Some of them coffin nail be utter as radio-communications, navigation rules, electronic chart systems and identification systems. (Goralski, Ray, Gold, 2011)Goralski et al. (2011) further describes that about(prenominal) recent technological developments in improving vessel relations focal point includes radar, electronic charting deal Electronic Chart Display Information Systems, (ECDIS), vessel traffic control and vigilance (VTMS) and automatic identification system (AIS) and communicati on. some(prenominal) witnesss of information be combined from sensors such as GPS, radar and AIS in order to improve the vessel traffic monitoring. The final objective of this is tour more precise understanding of the navigational smirchs.Many au and thentic countries expend the services of highly sophisticated VTMS. The Port of London is one of the UKs busiest ports utilize an exceptionally advanced VTMS. In this VTMS the data from radars atomic number 18 associated with a fate of other data inside a very advanced data processor system. This gives an ongoing picture and a thorough record of all developments at Port of London. (Goldman, 2011)2.2 Vessel Traffic Management Systems in Commercial telescopeAs described by Goralski, Ray, Gold, (2011) many inquiryers have presented theories of developing an efficient vessel monitoring systems. The need for diminishing human error and diminish the number and danger of accidents at sea is a need to be addressed. Developing suc h system to be used in real time speckles is a challenging task. Not much research has been done in this area.The worlds first tierce dimensional ECDIS prototype was demo in Brest in 2007. This was a research led by Dr. Rafal Goralski and his team. Its possible to incorporate data from many sensors around a port to make a real time three dimensional traffic charge visualization tool. (Goralski, Ray, Gold, 2011)As stated by Goralski, Ray, Gold, (2011) an interface has been developed and presently being trialed in the Port of Milford Haven. This system is used in real-time for navigation observing and control. The system is considered to be the first commercial message operation of a 3D VTS.Transas Marine Limited and GeoVS Limited walk 3D vessel traffic monitoring resultant roles. Transas Group is a world(a) pioneer in marine navigation systems. Transas presented its initial 3D vessel activity monitoring system to the business in 2008. This system gives most extreme backing to VTS administrators.(TRANSAS, 2011).Sri Lankas first home-developed vessel movement administration system was the result of investigation led by the stumpering and simulation separate of University of Colombo, groom of Computing. The system includes two dimensional and three dimensional views of the harbor. The three dimensional VTMS was established at the Colombo-South harbor in 5th marvelous 2013. (UCSC,2014)2.3 Need for more improved Vessel Traffic Management SystemThe commercial 3D VTMS that were mentioned above are closed proprietary and exceedingly expensive solutions. This fact raised the need to implement a smart vessel traffic monitoring solution. The modeling and simulation group of University of Colombo, School of Computing developed the Sri Lankas first home-developed vessel movement administration system. This proposed and developed solution is entirely ground on the free and open source structures (Sandaruwan, et al. 2013). There are limitations of the existin g solution. In the existing solution, real-time movements of the ships tramp be visualized. thus far in the existing solution the path of a moving ship is not continuous.Goldman (2011) discussed that one of the major considerations in improving the VTMS is to enhance the use of Automated appellative System (AIS). The objective is to leave more data about the vessels blank spaces. Furthermore a signifi discharget feature of the VTMS upgrading has been to further increase the continuity of the vessel viewing and resilience.In a research carried by Popovich, Christophe, Vasily, Cyril, Tianzhen, Dmitry, (2009) states that some of the important issues to consider in VTMS. The concerns are operability, accuracy and completeness of moving and come ining of vessels. Moreover a key problem in the vessels location inclination is addressed. That is in the occasions where the estimated location is different with the actual location of the vessel, and then the system should avoid such c ircumstances.2.4 Automatic Identification System (AIS)The SOLAS (Safety of tone at Sea) Convention by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). According to that the Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic system utilized on ships and other vessels for distinguishing and finding vessels by electronically trading education with other adjacent vessels, AIS base stations, and satellites.AIS play a vital role in managing vessel traffic and improving maritime security. Vessel engaged in international voyages AIS is involve from registered tonnage (RT) of 300. A vessel travelling in national waters AIS is required from registered tonnage (RT) of 500. (SOLAS Chapter v, 2002)AIS learning is classified as 2 types of information static and dynamic. Vessel name, call sign, MMSI number (substance abuser ID), IMO number, dimension, type of the ship are static information. Position, anatomy over ground, speed over ground, true heading, rate of turn are dynamic informatio n. (Vesseltracker, n.d.)AIS transponders naturally transmit information at regular intervals through a VHF radio unified with the AIS. The position and speed originate from the ships GPS or, if that comes up short, from another GPS receiver. Other information is incorporated when AIS transponder is installed on the ship. (Weatherdock, 2014)The AIS signals are then received by other shore-based facilities like VTMS or nearby vessels. The received information is then used to parade ships on two dimensional marine charts. This helps to observe ships activities. This enables ports and coastal states to bonk ships in their waters and regulate the vessel activity. (Weatherdock, n.d.) . In Sri Lanka such receivers laid at Colombo and Mirissa, receive AIS signals emitted from vessel at Colombo harbour. This information is used to display the vessel on two dimensional marine charts. The ships are represented by arrow heads.2.5 Applications of AISThere certain usages in AIS data.To enhanc e security nautical activitiesTo safeguard the maritime surroundingsTo bind collision avoidance.To manage vessel traffic in busy harbors.2.6 country Estimation ProblemsThe objective is to estimate the states of a dynamic system sequentially, utilizing preparedness of noisy measurements. Orlande et al. (2012) describes that in state tenderness problems, the accessible measured information is utilized together with prior learning of the physical phenomena. This task is undertaken by minimising the error.There are many applications in state estimations numerous fields. Orlande et al. (2012) describes that the position of an aircraft support be found utilize estimation. Also it whitethorn in like manner be possible to locate the position using GPS system and altimeter. ordinarily these measurements are not always accurate. In state estimation combines the model predictions and GPS measurements to perplex more accurate estimates of air craft position. This idea can be incorpora ted in the research since the measurements are available during the course of the ship. It is possible to make estimations for the locations of the ship for the places where measurements are missing. Also it is possible to watch over whether the estimations are reliable with the measurements.2.7 Kalman tryThe Kalman distort also known as linear quadratic estimation was developed by Rudolf E. Kalman around 1960. dig Swerling developed a similar algorithm in 1958. Richard S. Bucy of the University of Southern calcium backed the theory, making it often being called the KalmanBucy stress.As stated by Madhumitha Aich (2010) the Kalman Filter is a mathematical system used to correct sight values that contain inaccuracies and other disturbances and produce values with are adjacent to true values. In many military and space operations Kalman perk is widely used. The fundamental operation done by the Kalman Filter is to produce estimates of the true and calculated values. because t he precariousness is calculated along with a weighted average of both the estimated and measured values.A considerable add up of literature has reported that there exist different variants of the Kalman Filter. Discussions such as that conducted by Madhumitha Aich (2010) presented that different variants of the Kalman Filter including Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter. The Extended Kalman filter is an extended variant of the original Kalman Filter. The requirement of linear equations for the measurement and state-transition models is relaxed instead, the models may be nonlinear. The Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is an improved alternative to the (EKF) for a variety of application. According to Kandepu, Bjarne, Lars, (2008) the performance of the UKF is better than the EKF in terms of robustness and speed of convergence. However computational effort in both EKF and UKF are almost the same.Webb, Prazenica, Kurdila Lind (2007) addresses a problem of obtainin g a robust, real-time estimation of aircraft states from a set of measurements. The solution is gotten through by implementing implicit extended Kalman filter, a variation of the innocent Kalman filter. The approach taken in this paper is to use the Kalman Filter to result reliable state estimation. The resulting estimates are implicit functions of the aircraft states, the tracked feature points, and the photographic camera parameters.In a research carried out by Freeston (2002) the Kalman Filter has been apply for zombi localization. Robot localization means the method whereby a zombie locates its own position in the world in which it functions. The measurements of the robots x and y components of the position and the orientation is available. The information can be represented by a state vector. In order to find out its position, the robot uses beacon distance and angle measurements and energising data. This data consists of error. The Kalman Filter is one of the better met hods to incorporate measurements into estimates. The Kalman Filter identifies that the measurements are noisy and that occasionally they are discarded. Furthermore the Kalman Filter identifies measurements that have only a small proceeds on the state estimate. The Kalman filter smooth out the un stock-still effect of resound in the state variable being estimated by add in more information from trustworthy data than from untrustworthy data. The user is able to provide the value of the error in the data and the system as an input in the filter. The Kalman filter computes an estimate of the position by considering the noise in the data and the system.The Kalman Filter algorithm can be used to combine measurements from different sources such as vision measurements and kinetic information and different times updates as a robot is moving. In addition the algorithm provides an estimate of the state variable vector uncertainty which is a measure of how accurate the estimate. This situati on is somewhat similar to the situation discussed in the research. This idea can be utilized in the research to obtaining better estimates of the state variables by minimizing the effect of the noisy measurements. (Freeston, 2002)2.8 molecule FilterThe Kalman filter (KF) has revealed tremendously useful, however has stern assumptions about linearity and Gaussian noise. This is not always satisfied in real world applications. In such situations Particle Filter can be used to obtain solutions. (Orlande, et al., 2012)The Particle Filter Method is a Monte Carlo technique that can be utilized to obtain the outcome of state estimation. Particle filtering methods can be used in situations which are non-linear and/or non-Gaussian. Particle Filter otherwise called as bootstrap filter, condensation algorithm, interacting particle approximations and survival of the fittest. (Orlande, et al., 2012)In Karlsson (2005) the Particle Filter is adapted to some positioning and tracking applications. Particle Filter is constructed on a model which is linearized and a Gaussian noise assumption. A method for estimating position of industrial equipment that works underwater is developed. The data is collected from sonar sensor and surface direction finding system using radar readings and sea chart data. The problem is approached by using Bayesian methods and data collected from maps are used to improve the estimation performance. A real-time application of the Particle Filter as thoroughly as hypothesis testing is presented for a collision prevention application.A situation is somewhat similar to the condition talked about in the research is discussed by Ceranka Niedzwiecki (2003). A navigation system for the estimation of the pedestrian position, based on evidence from sources like GPS, is created using the Particle Filter approach. Although the GPS provide accurate information obstacles such as high buildings, trees, bridges may weaken or reflect the signals. This leads to sign ificant growth of errors or even creates loss of GPS signals completely. The Particle Filtering approach is suggested to be suitable in this situation in order to estimate the missing locations and make sure the estimates keep up with the constraints of the digital map.2.9 Chapter SummaryIn this chapter the past studies and discoveries presented by various researchers related to the research is discussed. The details about the development of vessel traffic management systems (VTMS) up to the present day commercial vessel traffic management systems are presented. The problems associated with the VTMS are addressed. Then the facts about the AIS data are presented. Then the chapter addressed the solutions to improve the VTMS such as state estimation. The theoretical place setting of the Kalman Filter is presented as a solution to the state estimation problem. In the instances the Kalman Filter is not applicable the Particle Filter is presented as a better approach.